Acid Base and Electrolytes

Hypomagnesemia is defined as a decrease of serum magnesium levels to 0.8 mmol/L, and hypermagnesemia, as an increase to 1.2 mmol/L...

The serum calcium concentration has a major impact on membrane excitability, especially in the heart, and therefore the serum Ca concentration is tightly regulated...

Hypokalemia is defined as a decrease in serum potassium concentration 3.5 mmol/L (severe: 2.5 mmol/L), hyperkalemia as an increase 5.0 mmol/L (severe: 6 mmol/L)

Acidosis means net acid accumulation with a decrease of pH 7.35. In contrast, alkalosis occurs with net accumulation of base (or net loss of acid) with an increase of pH 7.40...

Excess free H2O relative to Na → serum Na < 135 mEq/L. Neurologic spectrum 2/2 water shift in cells: Fatigue → lethargy → AMS (altered mental status) (usually starting <120 mEq/L) → seizure → coma

Three hormones are available to the body for maintaining a calcium homeostasis: Vitamin D, Parathormone, Calcitonin

Hyperphosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia is defined as a serum level above 2.5 mg/dL, but it is usually clinically significant only when levels are greater than 5 mg/dL. Although it is rare in…