Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO): A Diagnostic Challenge
Diagnostic Algorithm for Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a persistent and unexplained fever that lasts more than 3 weeks...
Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department
Abdominal Pain - Causes
Work-up for abdominal pain begins with resuscitation and exclusion of critical diagnoses. Then, through a detailed history and physical, consider all the causes of abdominal pain...
Stroke and TIA: From Diagnosis to Treatment
A stroke is a focal neurologic deficit due to a vascular lesion that lasts for more than 24 hours. About 80% are due to infarction secondary to thrombosis or embolism, and 20% are due to intracerebral hemorrhage...
Thyroid Troubles: Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis results from an excess of circulating free T4 and free T3. Hyperthyroidism indicates thyroid gland overactivity, resulting in thyrotoxicosis...
Thyroid Troubles: Understanding Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism results from deficiency of thyroxine (T4) or tri-iodothyronine (T3). Common presenting symptoms include tiredness, lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance...
Cushing and Addison’s Disease: Approach, Evaluation and Management
Cushing's syndrome is the result of chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoid. This is most commonly iatrogenic secondary to glucocorticoid administration. Addison's disease is primary adrenocortical failure...
All About Epilepsy and Seizures: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Epilepsy refers to a group of conditions in which paroxysms of abnormal electrical activity of cerebral neurones results in seizures. Seizure disorders can be divided into two main groups...
Understanding Acute Kidney Failure: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
Acute Kidney Failure - Summary
Acute kidney failure is a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) sufficient to cause uremia. Oliguria (below 15 mL per hour) is often a feature, although nonoliguric renal failure can also occur, particularly in...
Chronic Heart Failure: Approach, Evaluation and Management
Symptoms and Sign of Chronic Heart Failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet the demands of the body, despite the presence of normal filling pressures.
COPD (Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis): From Diagnosis to Treatment
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a condition in which there is chronic obstruction to airflow due to chronic bronchitis with or without emphysema
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