Diagnosing Diarrhea: From Acute to Chronic
Causes of Diarrhea
In patients presenting with diarrhea it is important to distinguish “true diarrhea” from “false diarrhea"...
Cyanosis: The Blue Hue Mystery
Flow diagram of cyanosis
True cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes and results from hypoxemia due to an increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin...
Skin Rashes: Evaluation and Diagnosis
Algorithm for Evaluating Skin Lesions and Rashes
For many skin rashes, multiple diagnoses may be possible. Often these diagnoses do not pose long-term complications, and topical steroids will be the treatment for both...
Diagnosing the Patient with Loss of Consciousness (Syncope and Coma)
Diagnosis Algorithm for Syncope
Loss of consciousness may be transient (syncope) or ongoing (coma). Many patients are admitted to hospital with "collapse".
Generalized and Localized Edema: A Clinical Breakdown
Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Algorithm
When considering the differential diagnosis of edema, localization gives the first indication. Generalized edema leads one to suspect a disorder that affects the whole body...
Examining and Investigating the Patient with Hypertension
Causes and mechanism of Hypertension
Approximately 95% of all patient with hypertension have "essential" or "primary" hypertension and have no underlying disease...
Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO): A Diagnostic Challenge
Diagnostic Algorithm for Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a persistent and unexplained fever that lasts more than 3 weeks...
Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department
Abdominal Pain - Causes
Work-up for abdominal pain begins with resuscitation and exclusion of critical diagnoses. Then, through a detailed history and physical, consider all the causes of abdominal pain...
Stroke and TIA: From Diagnosis to Treatment
A stroke is a focal neurologic deficit due to a vascular lesion that lasts for more than 24 hours. About 80% are due to infarction secondary to thrombosis or embolism, and 20% are due to intracerebral hemorrhage...
Thyroid Troubles: Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis results from an excess of circulating free T4 and free T3. Hyperthyroidism indicates thyroid gland overactivity, resulting in thyrotoxicosis...
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