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The leukemias are a group of conditions characterized by the malignant proliferation of leukocytes in the bone marrow. The cells spill out into the blood stream and may infiltrate other organs...
Splenomegaly is often a focus of short case examinations since many of its causes are chronic. Lymphadenopathy may be localized or generalized...
A patient is anemic when the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is less than 13 g/dL (or hematorcit [Hct] less than 39%) in men and 12 g/dL (or Hct less than 36%) in women. The size of the red blood cells gives important clues as to the likely underlying abnormality.
Bruising and bleeding arise when there is abnormal hemostasis. Hemostasis is dependent on normal platelet number and function, an intact coagulation pathway, and normal vessel walls.
Structurally related to vitamin K, 4-hydroxycoumarins act as “false” vitamin K and prevent regeneration of reduced (active) vitamin K from vitamin K epoxide, hence the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Coumarins are well absorbed after oral administration. Their duration of action varies considerably. Synthesis of clotting factors depends on the intrahepatocytic concentration ratio of coumarins to vitamin K.
Anemia denotes a reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, or both. Oxygen (O2) transport capacity is decreased. Erythropoiesis Blood corpuscles develop from stem cells through several cell divisions.…
Oral anticoagulant medications are commonly prescribed. Whether it is a traditional vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) medication, all carry the risk of serious hemorrhage. Traditional…
A classic scenario of life-threatening hemorrhage requiring emergent anticoagulant reversal is that of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). We extrapolate recommendations for other hemorrhages from this often-studied patient group...
Pain in a patient with sickle cell disease (SCD) can be an indicator of lifethreatening pathology. The provider can be lured into diagnosing and treating pain as a vaso-occlusive episode…
What is Tumor Lysis Syndrome ? Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a metabolic syndrome characterized by renal failure and multiple metabolic abnormalities caused by the rapid and massive cell destruction…