Thyroid Troubles: Understanding Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism results from deficiency of thyroxine (T4) or tri-iodothyronine (T3). Common presenting symptoms include tiredness, lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance...
Cushing and Addison’s Disease: Approach, Evaluation and Management
Cushing's syndrome is the result of chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoid. This is most commonly iatrogenic secondary to glucocorticoid administration. Addison's disease is primary adrenocortical failure...
All About Epilepsy and Seizures: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Epilepsy refers to a group of conditions in which paroxysms of abnormal electrical activity of cerebral neurones results in seizures. Seizure disorders can be divided into two main groups...
Understanding Acute Kidney Failure: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
Acute Kidney Failure - Summary
Acute kidney failure is a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) sufficient to cause uremia. Oliguria (below 15 mL per hour) is often a feature, although nonoliguric renal failure can also occur, particularly in...
Chronic Heart Failure: Approach, Evaluation and Management
Symptoms and Sign of Chronic Heart Failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to maintain sufficient cardiac output to meet the demands of the body, despite the presence of normal filling pressures.
COPD (Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis): From Diagnosis to Treatment
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a condition in which there is chronic obstruction to airflow due to chronic bronchitis with or without emphysema
From Heartburn to Ulcers: Understanding Peptic Ulcer Disease
Peptic Ulcer Disease - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings featured
Peptic ulcer disease most commonly occurs in the duodenum, followed by the stomach, esophagus, and jejunum in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, or after a gastroenterostomy, or in a Meckel's diverticulum with ectopic gastric mucosa.
All About Leukemia: From Diagnosis to Treatment [A Comprehensive Overview]
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Classification of Leukemias According to Cell Type and Lineage
The leukemias are a group of conditions characterized by the malignant proliferation of leukocytes in the bone marrow. The cells spill out into the blood stream and may infiltrate other organs...
Asthma: Approach, Evaluation and Management
Asthma - Approach, Evaluation and Management excerpt
Asthma is a disease of the airways characterized by an increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to many different stimuli. It is manifested by paroxysms of shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing
Acute Pancreatitis: Approach, Evaluation and Management
The Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
The causes of pancreatitis can be recalled from the mnemonic GET SMASH'D: gallstones, ethanol, trauma, steroids, mumps, autoimmune diseases, scorpion stings, hypertriglyceridemia, and drugs (e.g., azathioprine or diuretics).