The Critical Hours That Decide Sepsis Outcomes
Sepsis is one of those conditions that doesn’t wait. It turns routine infections into system-wide emergencies, often before the team even finishes the initial workup...
Disorders of Potassium Homeostasis (Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia)
Pathophysiology of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia is defined as a decrease in serum potassium concentration 3.5 mmol/L (severe: 2.5 mmol/L), hyperkalemia as an increase 5.0 mmol/L (severe: 6 mmol/L)
When pH Goes Wrong: Interpreting Acidosis and Alkalosis
Systematic universal approach to acid-base disorders
Acidosis means net acid accumulation with a decrease of pH 7.35. In contrast, alkalosis occurs with net accumulation of base (or net loss of acid) with an increase of pH 7.40...
Diagnosing Diarrhea: From Acute to Chronic
Causes of Diarrhea
In patients presenting with diarrhea it is important to distinguish “true diarrhea” from “false diarrhea"...
Cyanosis: The Blue Hue Mystery
Flow diagram of cyanosis
True cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes and results from hypoxemia due to an increased amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin...
Skin Rashes: Evaluation and Diagnosis
Algorithm for Evaluating Skin Lesions and Rashes
For many skin rashes, multiple diagnoses may be possible. Often these diagnoses do not pose long-term complications, and topical steroids will be the treatment for both...
Diagnosing the Patient with Loss of Consciousness (Syncope and Coma)
Diagnosis Algorithm for Syncope
Loss of consciousness may be transient (syncope) or ongoing (coma). Many patients are admitted to hospital with "collapse".
Generalized and Localized Edema: A Clinical Breakdown
Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Algorithm
When considering the differential diagnosis of edema, localization gives the first indication. Generalized edema leads one to suspect a disorder that affects the whole body...
Examining and Investigating the Patient with Hypertension
Causes and mechanism of Hypertension
Approximately 95% of all patient with hypertension have "essential" or "primary" hypertension and have no underlying disease...
Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO): A Diagnostic Challenge
Diagnostic Algorithm for Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a persistent and unexplained fever that lasts more than 3 weeks...
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