Esophageal (“transport”) dysphagia is failure to transport the bolus through the esophagus to the stomach, often combined with retching, regurgitation, and aspiration...
While previously urinalysis was only possible by using the senses to evaluate color, cloudiness (turbidity), odor, and taste, numerous complex new methods of urinalysis have been developed, allowing precise diagnostic conclusions...
Pediatric cancer presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its non-specific symptoms and rapid progression...
Hypomagnesemia is defined as a decrease of serum magnesium levels to 0.8 mmol/L, and hypermagnesemia, as an increase to 1.2 mmol/L...
IBS is a long-term, recurring digestive condition marked by stomach pain or discomfort, usually along with changes in bowel movements...
Chronic neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain. This results in a gradual decrease in brain function over a period of time...
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), or diabetic nephropathy, is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, so too does the burden of diabetes-related complications...
The serum calcium concentration has a major impact on membrane excitability, especially in the heart, and therefore the serum Ca concentration is tightly regulated...
Resistant hypertension is a multifaceted condition that complicates standard hypertension management. Its complexity stems from various overlapping causes and population-level disparities...
High-risk populations face an increased burden from influenza due to a combination of weakened immunity, physiological changes, and chronic conditions...