Disorders of Magnesium Homeostasis
Pathophysiology of Hypermagnesemia and Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia is defined as a decrease of serum magnesium levels to 0.8 mmol/L, and hypermagnesemia, as an increase to 1.2 mmol/L...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): From Diagnosis to Treatment
Diagnosis and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
IBS is a long-term, recurring digestive condition marked by stomach pain or discomfort, usually along with changes in bowel movements...
Chronic Neurodegenerative Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
Chronic neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of nerve cells in the brain. This results in a gradual decrease in brain function over a period of time...
Improving Outcomes in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), or diabetic nephropathy, is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, so too does the burden of diabetes-related complications...
Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis (Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia)
Pathophysiology of Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia
The serum calcium concentration has a major impact on membrane excitability, especially in the heart, and therefore the serum Ca concentration is tightly regulated...
Driving Better Results in the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension
Management of Resistant Hypertension
Resistant hypertension is a multifaceted condition that complicates standard hypertension management. Its complexity stems from various overlapping causes and population-level disparities...
Limiting the Burden of Influenza on High-Risk Individuals
High-risk populations face an increased burden from influenza due to a combination of weakened immunity, physiological changes, and chronic conditions...
The Critical Hours That Decide Sepsis Outcomes
Sepsis is one of those conditions that doesn’t wait. It turns routine infections into system-wide emergencies, often before the team even finishes the initial workup...
Disorders of Potassium Homeostasis (Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia)
Pathophysiology of Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia is defined as a decrease in serum potassium concentration 3.5 mmol/L (severe: 2.5 mmol/L), hyperkalemia as an increase 5.0 mmol/L (severe: 6 mmol/L)
When pH Goes Wrong: Interpreting Acidosis and Alkalosis
Systematic universal approach to acid-base disorders
Acidosis means net acid accumulation with a decrease of pH 7.35. In contrast, alkalosis occurs with net accumulation of base (or net loss of acid) with an increase of pH 7.40...
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- …
- 19
- Go to the next page