Diagnosing the Patient with Loss of Consciousness (Syncope and Coma)
Diagnosis Algorithm for Syncope
Loss of consciousness may be transient (syncope) or ongoing (coma). Many patients are admitted to hospital with "collapse".
Generalized and Localized Edema: A Clinical Breakdown
Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Algorithm
When considering the differential diagnosis of edema, localization gives the first indication. Generalized edema leads one to suspect a disorder that affects the whole body...
Examining and Investigating the Patient with Hypertension
Causes and mechanism of Hypertension
Approximately 95% of all patient with hypertension have "essential" or "primary" hypertension and have no underlying disease...
Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO): A Diagnostic Challenge
Diagnostic Algorithm for Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a persistent and unexplained fever that lasts more than 3 weeks...
Abdominal Pain in the Emergency Department
Abdominal Pain - Causes
Work-up for abdominal pain begins with resuscitation and exclusion of critical diagnoses. Then, through a detailed history and physical, consider all the causes of abdominal pain...
Stroke and TIA: From Diagnosis to Treatment
A stroke is a focal neurologic deficit due to a vascular lesion that lasts for more than 24 hours. About 80% are due to infarction secondary to thrombosis or embolism, and 20% are due to intracerebral hemorrhage...
Thyroid Troubles: Hyperthyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis
Thyrotoxicosis results from an excess of circulating free T4 and free T3. Hyperthyroidism indicates thyroid gland overactivity, resulting in thyrotoxicosis...
Thyroid Troubles: Understanding Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism results from deficiency of thyroxine (T4) or tri-iodothyronine (T3). Common presenting symptoms include tiredness, lethargy, weight gain, cold intolerance...
Cushing and Addison’s Disease: Approach, Evaluation and Management
Cushing's syndrome is the result of chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoid. This is most commonly iatrogenic secondary to glucocorticoid administration. Addison's disease is primary adrenocortical failure...
All About Epilepsy and Seizures: From Diagnosis to Treatment
Epilepsy refers to a group of conditions in which paroxysms of abnormal electrical activity of cerebral neurones results in seizures. Seizure disorders can be divided into two main groups...
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