While previously urinalysis was only possible by using the senses to evaluate color, cloudiness (turbidity), odor, and taste, numerous complex new methods of urinalysis have been developed, allowing precise diagnostic conclusions...
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), or diabetic nephropathy, is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, so too does the burden of diabetes-related complications...
Acute kidney failure is a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) sufficient to cause uremia. Oliguria (below 15 mL per hour) is often a feature, although nonoliguric renal failure can also occur, particularly in...
Hematuria is abnormal if there are more than 2 red blood cells per high-power field; proteinuria is defined as more than 150 mg of protein per 24-hour collection of urine.
Polyuria is the passing of excessive volumes of urine. Urine output depends on fluid intake and body losses, and typically ranges from 1-3.5 L/day. Polydipsia, the ingestion of excessive volumes of fluid, is usually a consequence of polyuria.
Correct classification of stones is important since it will impact treatment decisions and outcome. Urinary stones can be classified according to the following aspects: stone size, stone location, X-ray characteristics of stone, aetiology of stone formation, stone composition (mineralogy), and risk group for recurrent stone formation.