Manual of Medicine

Beyond Diuresis – Treatment Adjuncts in Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

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The emergency management of patients with cardiogenic shock, acute pulmonary edema, or both

Diuretics may not be the preferred initial therapy, however, for those patients with vascular failure, who are often euvolemic, or those with cardiogenic shock, who are often hypovolemic. In these patients, the emergency provider should first optimize preload and afterload reduction with the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), nitrates, or inotropes as indicated.

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Palpitations – Differential Diagnosis, Examination and Investigations

Read more about the article Palpitations – Differential Diagnosis, Examination and Investigations
Algorithm for the investigation of the patient with palpitations
  • Post category:Cardiology

Always check what the patient means by "palpitations" or clarify what you mean, as the word means different things to different people. It is usually understood as an awareness of the heartbeat. The most common cause is an arrhythmia, although other causes include conditions causing an increase in stroke volume (e.g., regurgitant valvular disease) or conditions causing an increase in cardiac output, often noncardiac causes (e.g., exercise, thyrotoxicosis, anemia, or anxiety).

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Aggressive Nitroglycerin Usage in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)

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Phenotypes of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF), their Presentations, and Suggested Therapy

In recent years, there are increasing data that support the use of high-dose vasodilator therapy as the initial treatment for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)

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Cough and Hemoptysis – Differential Diagnosis, Examination and Investigations

Read more about the article Cough and Hemoptysis – Differential Diagnosis, Examination and Investigations
The Causes of Haemoptysis
  • Post category:Pulmonology

Coughing is a nonspecific reaction to irritation anywhere in the respiratory tract from the pharynx to the lungs, and it is the most common manifestation of lower respiratory tract disease. Any cough that persists for over 3 weeks merits further investigation in the absence of an obvious cause.

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Know the Differential for ST Segment Elevation: It’s More Than Just ACS

Read more about the article Know the Differential for ST Segment Elevation: It’s More Than Just ACS
ST Segment Elevation - Differential Diagnosis

There are numerous conditions that cause ST-segment elevation (STE) on an ECG that are not attributable to an acute coronary syndrome. In order to avoid errors in diagnosis or management, it is important for the EP to know the differential diagnosis for STE.

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Pitfalls in Hypertensive Emergencies

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Hypertensive Urgency and Hypertensive Emergency Algorithm

Approximately 1% to 2% of patients with hypertension will present with a hypertensive emergency, defined as organ dysfunction due to an elevated blood pressure. Importantly, there is no specific blood pressure threshold that identifies a patient with a hypertensive emergency.

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Hematemesis, Hematochezia, and Melena – Differential Diagnosis, Examination and Investigations

Read more about the article Hematemesis, Hematochezia, and Melena – Differential Diagnosis, Examination and Investigations
Causes of upper gastrointestinal Bleeding

Hematemesis is the vomiting of fresh (bright red) or altered ("coffee ground") blood. Melena is the production of black, tarry stools and is due to bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract of more than 100 mL of blood.

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