Anemia denotes a reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, or both. Oxygen (O2) transport capacity is decreased. Erythropoiesis Blood corpuscles develop from stem cells through several cell divisions.…
Presentation - 3Ps - Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia. Non-specific symptoms: weakness, vomiting, abdominal pain, blurry vision. Physical Exam: Acetone smell; Dehydration / tachycardia / hypotension / shock; Kussmaul's respiration (deep/labored breathing secondary to acidosis)
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs in a mechanically ventilated patient more than 48 hours after endotracheal intubation. VAP can occur in up to 27% of all…
Diverse plants are sources of sugarcontaining compounds (glycosides) that also contain a steroid ring and augment the contractile force of heart muscle : cardiotonic glycosides / cardiosteroids, or “digitalis”. If…
Excess free H2O relative to Na → serum Na < 135 mEq/L. Neurologic spectrum 2/2 water shift in cells: Fatigue → lethargy → AMS (altered mental status) (usually starting <120 mEq/L) → seizure → coma
While it is not the only state that defines a critically ill patient, shock is considered by many to be the prototypical derangement of the critically ill. With our bedside…
Bronchodilators Narrowing of bronchioles raises airway resistance, e.g., in bronchial or bronchitic asthma. Several substances that are employed as bronchodilators are: β2-sympathomimetics (given by pulmonary, parenteral, or oral route)methylxanthine theophylline…
The approach to the woman with pelvic pain is to start with the initial resuscitation and β-HCG. Then the focus should be on emergent gynecologic disease, such as ovarian torsion and PID / TOA (Tuboovarian Abscess)
Oral anticoagulant medications are commonly prescribed. Whether it is a traditional vitamin K antagonist (VKA) or a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) medication, all carry the risk of serious hemorrhage. Traditional…
ACE inhibitors, such as captopril and enalaprilat, the active metabolite of enalapril, occupy the enzyme as false substrates. Affinity significantly influences efficacy and rate of elimination. Enalaprilat has a stronger and longerlasting effect than does captopril.