Atypical Presentations of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
The classic presentation of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is that of an older age male smoker with hypertension who reports exertional chest pressure that radiates to the left upper…
Vertigo Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
The Approach (Questions): Is the dizziness true vertigo? If so, is it central or peripheral vertigo? Is the vertigo intermittent - likely benign? Constant vertigo is either acute peripheral vestibulopathy (APV) or a posterior circulation/cerebellar CVA
Antibiotics – Inhibitors of Tetrahydrofolate Synthesis
Antibiotics - Inhibitors of tetrahydrofolate synthesis
Most bacteria do not have a requirement for folate, because they are capable of synthesizing folate, more precisely dihydrofolate DHF, from precursors. Selective interference with bacterial synthesis of Tetrahydrofolate (THF) can be achieved with sulfonamides and trimethoprim.
Intraosseous (IO) access
Intraosseous (IO) access can serve as a lifesaving alternative to intravenous (IV) access, especially in the crashing hypovolemic patient. The noncollapsible medullary space of bone is a reliable entry point into the vascular system in patients with difficult or delayed IV access.
Burns Algorithm
Remove clothing (operative for adherent clothing), Stop burning, Provide first aid (avoid hypothermia with overuse of water to decontaminate wounds), Asses for other injuries, asses burn severity (below), consider transfer
Antibiotics – Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis are suitable antibacterial agents, because animal and human cells lack a cell wall. They exert a bactericidal action on growing or multiplying germs.
Hemoptysis – Causes, Evaluation and Management
Hemoptysis Differential Diagnosis
Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood from a subglottic source. Massive hemoptysis accounts for ~5% to 15% of cases and is often described as more than 600 mL of blood in a 24-hour period.
Headache Algorithm
Emergency department evaluation relies on excluding life-threatening causes of Headache (killers), specifically SAH and meningitis. Then consider other serious causes of headache that can debilitate the patient (the maimers). When these have been excluded, we can then diagnose primary headache syndromes.
Drugs for Maintaining Calcium Homeostasis
Three hormones are available to the body for maintaining a calcium homeostasis: Vitamin D, Parathormone, Calcitonin
Evaluation and Management of Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that is characterized by noncaseating granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is the most common manifestation, but extrapulmonary manifestations are seen in up to 30% of patients.
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