Bruising and bleeding arise when there is abnormal hemostasis. Hemostasis is dependent on normal platelet number and function, an intact coagulation pathway, and normal vessel walls.
In adults, by far and away the most common foreign body ingestion is a meat bolus impacting a preexisting anatomic structure. In children, the most common foreign body ingestion are coins.
Jaundice (icterus) is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucosae, which is detectable when serum bilirubin concentrations exceed approximately 2.5 mg/dL. Jaundice can arise as a result of increased red blood cell (RBC) breakdown, disordered bilirubin metabolism, or reduced bilirubin excretion.
Serious ingestions can immediately result in perforation, shock, and even death. Intentional ingestions in adults tend to have more serious consequences. Long-term complications can lead to strictures and an increased risk of esophageal cancer.
Common Causes of Joint Disease include: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Osteoarthritis (OA) Gout Seronegative arthritides: ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis Septic arthritis
Boerhaave syndrome is a spontaneous rupture of the esophagus. It usually results from barotrauma related to retching or any sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure against a closed glottis.
Headache is one of the most common presenting symptoms. There are often few clinical signs, and the history is the main diagnostic tool. Many different pathologic processes can result in headache or facial pain.
Blood clotting in the setting of chronic liver disease is complex and may result in a net prothrombotic or antithrombotic state. Complicating this situation is the lack of accurate lab assays to measure the net thrombotic state in liver disease patients.
Diuretics (saluretics) elicit increased production of urine (diuresis). In the strict sense, the term is applied to drugs with a direct renal action. The predominant action of such agents is to augment urine excretion by inhibiting the reabsorption of NaCl and water.
Hematuria is abnormal if there are more than 2 red blood cells per high-power field; proteinuria is defined as more than 150 mg of protein per 24-hour collection of urine.