Chest Pain: Causes, Approach and Evaluation
The Causes of Chest Pain
By quality of pain the chest pain can be categorized into: pleuritic, dull central chest pain, chest wall tenderness...
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH): How to Recognize it on ECG [With Examples]
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Major ECG findings induced by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) causes tall R waves in left sided and deep S waves in right sided leads. Always look for ‘strain’ pattern in left sided leads...
Atrial Flutter: ECG Interpretation [With Examples]
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Atrial Flutter with 4-1 AV Block
Characteristic features of Atrial Flutter are: Atrial rate around 300/min; ‘Sawtooth’ baseline; AV block (commonly 2:1, but can be 3:1, 4:1 or variable). You should always suspect atrial flutter with 2:1 block when a patient has a regular tachycardia with a ventricular rate of about 150/min.
Imaging of Acute Pancreatitis: to Image or Not to Image
Acute Pancreatitis - Causes, Pathology, Symptoms and Signs, Investigations, Management and Complications
In patients with typical symptoms and diagnostic laboratory tests, CT or MR imaging is not required to confirm the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. CT or MR imaging are primarily used to detect complications of acute pancreatitis...
Sensory and Motor Neurologic Deficits: Approach and Evaluation
Motor Neurologic Deficit and Neurologic Muscle Weakness - An Algorithm for the Initial Workup
Sensory neurologic deficits include: Hyperesthesias (increased pain, touch, or vibration); Hypalgesia (decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli); Paresthesia (abnormal sensation of the skin like tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness); Anesthesia (complete loss of pain, temperature, touch, and vibration sense). Sensory and Motor Neurologic Deficits can result from disease occurring anywhere along the pathway from the skin or muscle to the brain and back.
The Pain in Chronic Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis - Pathology, Symptoms and Signs, Investigations, Management
Chronic pancreatitis occurs when there is irreversible and progressive destruction of the pancreas. While the etiology of the pain in chronic pancreatitis is not well understood, it is most likely due to: chronic inflammation, altered nociception and tissue ischemia
Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly: Approach and Evaluation
The Causes of Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly is often a focus of short case examinations since many of its causes are chronic. Lymphadenopathy may be localized or generalized...
Acalculous Cholecystitis: no Stones, no Problems?
Risk Factors Associated with Acalculous Cholecystitis
The pathophysiology of acalculous cholecystitis is thought to start with an acute or acute-on-chronic condition that leads to endothelial injury and gallbladder ischemia.
Anemia: Approach and Evaluation
Evaluation of Patients with Anemia
A patient is anemic when the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is less than 13 g/dL (or hematorcit [Hct] less than 39%) in men and 12 g/dL (or Hct less than 36%) in women. The size of the red blood cells gives important clues as to the likely underlying abnormality.
Ascending Cholangitis aka Biliary Sepsis
Ascending Cholangitis - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
A classic “you’ll miss it if it’s not on your differential,” ascending cholangitis refers to a bacterial infection of the biliary system, requiring both obstruction and bacterial colonization of the biliary tract.